Selenium -

Introduction to Selenium

🔹 What is Selenium?

Selenium is an open-source automation tool used to automate web applications across different browsers and platforms.

📖 Nepali Insight:
Selenium भनेको browser खोल्ने, test steps automate गर्ने, र manually गर्ने कामलाई code बाट चलाउने automation tool हो।

✅ Key Features of Selenium

Feature	Description
Open Source	Free and widely supported
Browser Support	Chrome, Firefox, Edge, Safari
Language Support	Java, Python, C#, JS, Ruby
Framework Integration	TestNG, JUnit, Maven, Jenkins
Cross-platform	Run on Windows, Mac, Linux
Parallel Execution	With Selenium Grid

🔹 Components of Selenium Suite

Component	Purpose
Selenium WebDriver	Automates browser actions
Selenium IDE	Record-playback browser extension
Selenium Grid	Run tests on multiple machines/browsers
Selenium RC (deprecated)	Old version, replaced by WebDriver

✅ We focus on WebDriver for professional automation.

🔹 What Can You Automate with Selenium?

Login, form input, navigation
Dropdowns, alerts, file uploads
Dynamic elements (AJAX, popups)
Data-driven testing (from Excel/DB)
End-to-end regression flows

🔹 What You Need to Start with Selenium (Java-Based)

Tool	Purpose
Java	Programming language
Eclipse or IntelliJ	IDE for writing code
Maven	Dependency & project management
Selenium WebDriver	Core automation tool
ChromeDriver / GeckoDriver	Browser-specific drivers
TestNG or JUnit	Test execution framework
Browser	Chrome, Firefox, Edge, etc.

✅ Real QA Example

Scenario: Test Login Page

java

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WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

driver.get(“https://testsite.com”);

driver.findElement(By.id(“username”)).sendKeys(“Lok”);

driver.findElement(By.id(“password”)).sendKeys(“pass123”);

driver.findElement(By.id(“login”)).click();

📖 Nepali View:
Selenium ले browser खोलेर form भरेर login button click गर्‍यो — जस्तो QA manually गर्थे।

📘 Selenium Topic 2: Selenium WebDriver Architecture

🔹 What is WebDriver?

Selenium WebDriver is a core component of Selenium that provides APIs to interact directly with a web browser — just like a real user.

📖 Nepali Insight:
WebDriver ले browser लाई निर्देश दिन्छ — कुन element क्लिक गर्ने, कुन field मा लेख्ने आदि सबै browser-level action handle गर्छ।

✅ High-Level Architecture Overview

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[Your Test Script]

↓

[WebDriver API]

↓

[Browser Driver (ChromeDriver, GeckoDriver)]

↓

[Real Web Browser]

🔹 Components of WebDriver Architecture

Layer	Description
Test Script	Java code written by QA to automate tests
Selenium WebDriver API	Provides commands (click, sendKeys, get)
Browser-Specific Driver	Converts API commands to browser-specific actions
Real Browser	Browser like Chrome/Firefox where test runs

🔹 Flow Explained Step-by-Step

✅ Test script sends command: driver.get(“https://gainsco.com”)
✅ WebDriver API translates it into HTTP request
✅ ChromeDriver.exe / geckodriver.exe receives the request
✅ Browser Driver uses JSON Wire Protocol / W3C Protocol to send commands to the browser
✅ Browser executes the action (open URL, click, enter text)
✅ Response comes back the same way

📖 Nepali Flow:
तपाईंले लेखेको code → WebDriver ले समझ्यो → Driver ले browser लाई command पठायो → browser ले काम गर्‍यो → result फर्कायो।

🔹 Browser Drivers and Their Role

Browser	Driver	Download Location
Chrome	ChromeDriver	chromedriver.chromium.org
Firefox	GeckoDriver	github.com/mozilla/geckodriver
Edge	EdgeDriver	Microsoft Edge site
Safari	Built-in SafariDriver	macOS only

📌 All drivers must match the browser version and be in system path or project folder.

🔹 WebDriver Communication Protocols

Protocol	Description
JSON Wire Protocol	Used in older Selenium versions
W3C WebDriver Protocol	Used in Selenium 4+

✅ In Selenium 4, everything is W3C standard — more reliable and consistent.

🧪 QA-Friendly Real Use

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WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

driver.get(“https://example.com”);

driver.findElement(By.id(“login”)).click();

WebDriver API = driver.get()
Browser driver = ChromeDriver
Browser = Chrome opens site

🧠 Works on real browsers — so the testing is as close to a real user as possible.

✅ Summary Table

Component	Role
Test Script	Java code you write
WebDriver API	Middle layer
Browser Driver	Converts API to browser-level commands
Browser	Executes the actions (UI)
Protocol	JSON Wire or W3C (communication format)

📘 Selenium Topic 3: Setting Up a Selenium Project (Maven, Dependencies, Folder Structure)

🔹 Tools Needed

Tool	Purpose
Java (JDK 8 or above)	Core language
Eclipse / IntelliJ	IDE for writing code
Maven	Build & dependency manager
ChromeDriver	Browser driver
Selenium WebDriver	Automation API
TestNG or JUnit	Test framework

✅ Step-by-Step Setup (Java + Maven + Selenium)

🔸 1. Create Maven Project in Eclipse

In Eclipse:

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File → New → Project → Maven → Maven Project → Next

Choose archetype: maven-archetype-quickstart → Finish

📁 Default folder structure:

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project-name/

└── src/

├── main/java → App code (not used for Selenium)

└── test/java → Test cases here

└── pom.xml → Project config file

🔸 2. Add Selenium & TestNG Dependencies to pom.xml

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<!– Selenium Java –>

<groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>

<artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId>

</dependency>

<!– TestNG (or JUnit) –>

<groupId>org.testng</groupId>

<artifactId>testng</artifactId>

</dependency>

</dependencies>

🧠 Maven will automatically download JAR files into your project’s classpath.

🔸 3. Add ChromeDriver to System

Download from: https://chromedriver.chromium.org/downloads
Place .exe inside drivers/ folder (optional) or system PATH

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System.setProperty(“webdriver.chrome.driver”, “drivers/chromedriver.exe”);

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

✅ You can also skip System.setProperty() by using WebDriverManager (covered later).

🔸 4. Write a Simple Selenium Test

Create a Java class under src/test/java:

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import org.openqa.selenium.*;

import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;

import org.testng.annotations.Test;

public class LoginTest {

@Test

public void testLogin() {

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

driver.get(“https://example.com/login”);

driver.findElement(By.id(“username”)).sendKeys(“Lok”);

driver.findElement(By.id(“password”)).sendKeys(“pass123”);

driver.findElement(By.id(“login”)).click();

driver.quit();

}

🔸 5. Run Using TestNG (Right-click → Run As → TestNG Test)

✅ Output will show in console with pass/fail report.

🔹 Project Folder Structure for POM

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project-name/

├── drivers/ → ChromeDriver.exe, etc.

├── src/

│ ├── main/java → (usually empty)

│ └── test/java/

│ ├── base/ → Browser setup, TestBase

│ ├── pages/ → Page Object classes

│ ├── tests/ → Test classes (TestNG)

│ └── utils/ → Reusable utilities

├── test-output/ → TestNG reports

└── pom.xml → Maven file (dependencies)

✅ Summary

Step	Task
1	Create Maven project
2	Add Selenium + TestNG dependencies in pom.xml
3	Set up ChromeDriver
4	Write test in src/test/java
5	Run via TestNG

📘 Selenium Topic 4: Locators in Selenium (id, name, xpath, cssSelector, linkText)

🔹 What Are Locators?

Locators are used to find and interact with web elements (buttons, textboxes, links, etc.) on a webpage.

📖 Nepali Insight:
Locator भन्नाले browser मा कुन element लाई click गर्न, लेख्न वा पढ्न हो — त्यो चिनाउने तरिका हो।

✅ Types of Locators in Selenium

Locator Type	Method	Usage
id	By.id(“value”)	Fastest and preferred
name	By.name(“value”)	Often used for forms
className	By.className(“value”)	When class is unique
tagName	By.tagName(“input”)	Less used
linkText	By.linkText(“Exact Text”)	Full visible link text
partialLinkText	By.partialLinkText(“Part”)	Partial match
cssSelector	By.cssSelector(“pattern”)	Fast, powerful
xpath	By.xpath(“expression”)	Most flexible, but slower

🔸 1. id Locator

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driver.findElement(By.id(“username”)).sendKeys(“Lok”);

✅ Use when ID is unique and present (fastest method).

🔸 2. name Locator

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driver.findElement(By.name(“email”)).sendKeys(“lok@test.com”);

✅ Commonly used in forms and login pages.

🔸 3. className Locator

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driver.findElement(By.className(“input-class”)).click();

⚠️ Only works if class name is single and unique (not multiple classes like btn primary).

🔸 4. linkText and partialLinkText

✅ For anchor <a> tags only.

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driver.findElement(By.linkText(“Forgot Password?”)).click();

driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText(“Forgot”)).click();

📖 Use when link text is visible and readable.

🔸 5. cssSelector – Fast and Powerful

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driver.findElement(By.cssSelector(“input[type=’email’]”)).sendKeys(“lok@test.com”);

driver.findElement(By.cssSelector(“#username”)).sendKeys(“Lok”); // ID selector

driver.findElement(By.cssSelector(“.btn-primary”)).click(); // Class selector

📖 Nepali Tip:
CSS selectors use HTML pattern, and are faster than XPath in most cases.

🔸 6. xpath – Flexible and Most Powerful

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driver.findElement(By.xpath(“//input[@id=’username’]”)).sendKeys(“Lok”);

driver.findElement(By.xpath(“//button[text()=’Login’]”)).click();

driver.findElement(By.xpath(“//div[@class=’card’]//span”)).click();

✅ Use for:

Parent-child structure
Complex conditions
Dynamic elements

📌 Absolute XPath: /html/body/div[2]/form[1]/input[1] ❌ Avoid
📌 Relative XPath: //input[@type=’text’] ✅ Preferred

🧠 When to Use What?

Locator	Use When
id	Always use first if available
name	Next best for inputs
cssSelector	Fast, flexible
xpath	Complex DOM, dynamic data
linkText	For full visible links
className	If unique & single class

✅ Summary Table

Locator	Syntax	Use Case
id	By.id(“id”)	Fastest, unique
name	By.name(“name”)	Forms
className	By.className(“value”)	Single class
cssSelector	By.cssSelector(“pattern”)	Fast + readable
xpath	By.xpath(“//tag[@attr=’val’]”)	Most powerful
linkText	By.linkText(“Full Text”)	Full clickable links
partialLinkText	By.partialLinkText(“Part”)	Partial clickable links

📘 Selenium Topic 5: XPath Axes, Functions & Dynamic XPath

🔹 Why XPath?

XPath is used to locate elements in complex or dynamic HTML structures when id, name, or simple CSS locators are not sufficient.

📖 Nepali Insight:
XPath ले page को structure अनुसार element को बाटो खोज्छ — जटिल HTML मा XPath नै सही तरीका हो।

🔸 XPath Syntax Recap

Type	Syntax	Example
Absolute	/html/body/div[1]/input	❌ Avoid
Relative	//tag[@attr=’value’]	✅ //input[@id=’email’]

✅ Common XPath Functions

Function	Use	Example
text()	Match exact text	//a[text()=’Login’]
contains()	Partial match	//div[contains(text(), ‘Hello’)]
starts-with()	Beginning match	//input[starts-with(@id,’user’)]
last()	Last element in list	(//button)[last()]
position()	Specific index	(//input[@type=’text’])[2]

📖 Nepali Tip:
contains() ले partial match गर्दा काम गर्छ, जुन dynamic attributes मा use हुन्छ।

🔹 Dynamic XPath

Dynamic XPath is useful when element attributes keep changing or are partially dynamic (like id=login_123, login_456).

✅ Example:

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//input[contains(@id,’login_’)]

📌 Also works with text:

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//a[contains(text(),’Forgot’)]

🔹 XPath with Multiple Conditions

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//input[@type=’text’ and @name=’username’]

✅ Use and / or to combine multiple attributes.

✅ XPath Axes – Traverse the DOM

XPath axes allow us to navigate around the element tree, e.g., parent, child, sibling.

Axis	Description	Example
parent::	Select parent of element	//input[@id=’email’]/parent::div
child::	Direct children	//ul/child::li
ancestor::	Go to upper tree	//span/ancestor::div
descendant::	All nested elements	//div[@id=’main’]/descendant::input
following::	Elements after current node	//label[text()=’Email’]/following::input
preceding::	Elements before current node	//input[@id=’email’]/preceding::label
following-sibling::	Same-level next node	//label[text()=’Email’]/following-sibling::input

🔹 Example: Real Dynamic XPath Use

You want to click on the delete icon beside a specific user in a table:

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//td[text()=’Lok’]/following-sibling::td//button[@class=’delete’]

✅ This selects the delete button in the same row where text is Lok.

🔹 Tips for XPath Writing

Tip	Description
Use contains()	For dynamic attribute values
Use starts-with()	If prefix is fixed
Prefer text()	For clickable links/buttons
Avoid absolute paths	They break easily
Use Axes	For table-based or nested elements

✅ Summary Table

Topic	Example	Use
text()	//h2[text()=’Welcome’]	Exact match
contains()	//a[contains(text(),’Login’)]	Partial
axes	following-sibling::, ancestor::	Navigate tree
position()	(//input)[2]	By index
last()	(//div)[last()]	Last element
Dynamic ID	//input[contains(@id,’user_’)]	Handle changing values

📘 Selenium Topic 6: Handling Dropdowns, Checkboxes, Radio Buttons, Hyperlinks, iFrames, Window Handles, and Pagination

🔹 1. Handling Dropdowns (Select tags only)

📖 Nepali Insight:
Dropdown भन्ने element मा Selenium ले Select class प्रयोग गर्छ।

✅ Java Code:

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import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.Select;

WebElement dropdown = driver.findElement(By.id(“country”));

Select select = new Select(dropdown);

select.selectByVisibleText(“Nepal”);

select.selectByIndex(2);

select.selectByValue(“NP”);

✅ Methods:

selectByVisibleText()
selectByIndex()
selectByValue()

🔹 2. Checkboxes

✅ Select checkbox (if not already selected):

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WebElement checkbox = driver.findElement(By.id(“agree”));

if (!checkbox.isSelected()) {

checkbox.click();

}

📌 Use .isSelected() to verify current state.

🔹 3. Radio Buttons

✅ Similar to checkboxes:

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WebElement male = driver.findElement(By.id(“male”));

if (!male.isSelected()) {

male.click();

}

✅ To select by value:

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List<WebElement> radios = driver.findElements(By.name(“gender”));

for (WebElement r : radios) {

if (r.getAttribute(“value”).equals(“Male”)) {

r.click();

break;

}

🔹 4. Hyperlinks

✅ Click using By.linkText() or By.partialLinkText():

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driver.findElement(By.linkText(“Privacy Policy”)).click();

✅ Validate link text:

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String linkText = driver.findElement(By.xpath(“//a”)).getText();

System.out.println(linkText);

🔹 5. iFrame Handling

📖 Nepali Tip:
Page भित्र अर्को HTML document लाई iFrame भनिन्छ। Switch गर्नु पर्छ।

✅ Switch to iFrame:

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driver.switchTo().frame(“iframeName”);

// or by index: driver.switchTo().frame(0);

✅ After interaction:

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driver.switchTo().defaultContent(); // switch back to main page

🔹 6. Window/Tab Handling

✅ Get current window ID:

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String mainWindow = driver.getWindowHandle();

✅ Switch to new window:

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Set<String> handles = driver.getWindowHandles();

for (String handle : handles) {

if (!handle.equals(mainWindow)) {

driver.switchTo().window(handle);

}

✅ Switch back:

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driver.switchTo().window(mainWindow);

📌 Use for popups, new tabs, external links.

🔹 7. Pagination Handling

📖 Nepali View:
Pagination ले धेरै data लाई page-wise देखाउँछ — test गर्न loop गर्नुपर्छ।

✅ Example (next button loop):

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while (true) {

// perform action on current page

List<WebElement> items = driver.findElements(By.className(“item”));

WebElement next = driver.findElement(By.xpath(“//a[text()=’Next’]”));

if (next.isDisplayed()) {

next.click();

} else {

break;

}

🔹 8. Scroll Page (JavaScriptExecutor)

✅ Scroll to element:

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WebElement el = driver.findElement(By.id(“footer”));

((JavascriptExecutor) driver).executeScript(“arguments[0].scrollIntoView(true);”, el);

✅ Scroll full page:

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((JavascriptExecutor) driver).executeScript(“window.scrollTo(0, document.body.scrollHeight)”);

🔹 9. Tooltip Handling

✅ Get tooltip text from title attribute:

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String tooltip = driver.findElement(By.id(“info”)).getAttribute(“title”);

✅ Summary Table

Element	Action
Dropdown	Select class (selectByText/Index/Value)
Checkbox	isSelected(), then click()
Radio	Same as checkbox
Link	click(), getText()
iFrame	switchTo().frame(), defaultContent()
New Window/Tab	getWindowHandles(), switchTo().window()
Pagination	Loop + click Next
Scroll	JavascriptExecutor
Tooltip	getAttribute(“title”)

📘 Selenium Topic 7: Waits in Selenium (Implicit, Explicit, Fluent)

🔹 Why Waits Are Important?

Web elements often take time to load, especially on dynamic or slow applications (AJAX, JavaScript-heavy). Waits allow your script to pause and wait for the right moment before acting.

📖 Nepali Insight:
Wait ले Selenium लाई भनिन्छ — “element loaded नभएसम्म पर्ख”।

✅ Types of Waits in Selenium WebDriver

Type	Applied On	Description
Implicit Wait	Globally	Waits for a fixed time before failing
Explicit Wait	For specific elements	Waits until condition is true
Fluent Wait	Like explicit + polling	Advanced wait with polling and custom timeout

🔸 1. Implicit Wait

Set once → applies to all elements
Not efficient for dynamic elements

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driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofSeconds(10));

📖 Meaning: Selenium will wait up to 10 seconds before throwing NoSuchElementException.

🔸 2. Explicit Wait

Waits for specific condition to be met (visibility, clickable, presence)
Uses WebDriverWait and ExpectedConditions

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WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(15));

WebElement button = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(By.id(“submit”)));

button.click();

✅ Common Conditions:

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ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated()

ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable()

ExpectedConditions.titleContains()

ExpectedConditions.invisibilityOfElementLocated()

🔸 3. Fluent Wait

Similar to Explicit Wait, but allows:
- Custom polling interval
- Ignore specific exceptions

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Wait<WebDriver> fluentWait = new FluentWait<>(driver)

.withTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(20))

.pollingEvery(Duration.ofSeconds(2))

.ignoring(NoSuchElementException.class);

WebElement element = fluentWait.until(driver -> driver.findElement(By.id(“dynamic”)));

📖 Nepali View:
Fluent wait ले Selenium लाई भन्छ — “हरेक 2 sec मा check गर, 20 sec सम्म try गर”।

🔹 When to Use What?

Use Case	Wait Type
General UI load	Implicit
Specific AJAX call	Explicit
Retry with polling	Fluent

🧠 QA Tips

Avoid using Thread.sleep() — it’s static and slows your tests unnecessarily
Prefer WebDriverWait for dynamic apps
Fluent Wait is great for retry logic in unstable apps

✅ Summary Table

Wait	Scope	Flexibility	Example
Implicit	Global	❌ Fixed time	implicitlyWait(10)
Explicit	Per element	✅ Condition-based	WebDriverWait + ExpectedConditions
Fluent	Per element	✅ + polling	FluentWait().pollingEvery()

📘 Selenium Topic 8: Handling Alerts, Pop-ups, and File Upload/Download

🔹 Why This Matters?

Modern web apps often include JavaScript alerts, custom modals, and file operations. As a QA engineer, automating these interactions is crucial.

📖 Nepali Insight:
Browser ले देखाउने message box (Alert), file choose गर्नुपर्ने Upload box, वा Download गर्नुपर्ने task हरु Selenium बाट deal गर्न सिक्नैपर्छ।

✅ 1. Handling JavaScript Alerts (Simple, Confirm, Prompt)

🔸 Switch to Alert

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Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();

🔸 Handle Different Types

Type	Action
Simple Alert	alert.accept();
Confirmation Alert	alert.dismiss(); or accept();
Prompt Alert	alert.sendKeys(“Test”); alert.accept();

📖 Example:

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driver.switchTo().alert().accept();

✅ 2. Handling Custom Pop-ups (Not JavaScript Alerts)

Custom HTML modals require normal WebDriver locators

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driver.findElement(By.className(“modal-close”)).click();

📌 Check if modal is present:

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boolean popup = driver.findElement(By.id(“popup”)).isDisplayed();

✅ Use Explicit Wait if it’s dynamically loaded.

✅ 3. File Upload

You can’t interact with system file explorer directly via click. Use sendKeys() to upload.

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WebElement uploadBtn = driver.findElement(By.id(“upload”));

uploadBtn.sendKeys(“C:\\Users\\Lok\\Desktop\\resume.pdf”);

📌 Works only if the element is <input type=”file”>

✅ 4. File Download Handling

Java cannot interact with browser-level “Save as” dialog. So we handle download by:

🔸 Option 1: Pre-set browser download folder

Set preferences in ChromeOptions:

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HashMap<String, Object> prefs = new HashMap<>();

prefs.put(“download.default_directory”, “C:\\Downloads”);

ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();

options.setExperimentalOption(“prefs”, prefs);

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);

📌 Automatically downloads file to specified path.

🔸 Option 2: Use Robot Class (for native dialogs – advanced)

For cases where you must interact with OS dialog (not preferred):

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Robot robot = new Robot();

robot.keyPress(KeyEvent.VK_DOWN);

robot.keyPress(KeyEvent.VK_ENTER);

🔸 Option 3: Download Verification (Check if file exists)

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File file = new File(“C:\\Downloads\\file.txt”);

if (file.exists()) {

System.out.println(“Download Success”);

}

✅ Summary Table

Task	Technique
Alert	switchTo().alert().accept()
Confirm	alert.dismiss()
Prompt	alert.sendKeys()
Modal Popup	findElement().click()
Upload File	sendKeys(“path”) to input element
Download File	Use ChromeOptions + verify with Java IO

📘 Selenium Topic 9: TestNG Framework (Annotations, Groups, XML)

🔹 What is TestNG?

TestNG (Test Next Generation) is a testing framework for Java, designed to simplify:

Test execution
Grouping tests
Parallel runs
Reporting

📖 Nepali Insight:
TestNG भनेको Java testing framework हो जसले test case लाई organize, run, र manage गर्न सजिलो बनाउँछ।

✅ Why Use TestNG with Selenium?

Benefit	Description
Structured testing	Use @Test, @BeforeMethod, @AfterMethod
Grouping & prioritizing	Control which tests to run
Parallel execution	Run tests faster
Report generation	Automatic HTML reports
Flexible configuration	testng.xml for setup

🔸 1. TestNG Annotations

Annotation	Purpose
@Test	Marks a method as a test
@BeforeSuite	Runs once before all tests in the suite
@BeforeTest	Runs before <test> tag in XML
@BeforeClass	Runs once before first method in class
@BeforeMethod	Runs before each @Test method
@AfterMethod	Runs after each @Test method
@AfterClass	Runs once after last test in class
@AfterSuite	Runs after all tests in the suite

✅ Example:

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public class LoginTest {

@BeforeMethod

public void setup() {

driver = new ChromeDriver();

}

@Test

public void validLogin() {

driver.get(“https://example.com”);

driver.findElement(By.id(“user”)).sendKeys(“Lok”);

driver.findElement(By.id(“pass”)).sendKeys(“1234”);

driver.findElement(By.id(“login”)).click();

}

@AfterMethod

public void teardown() {

driver.quit();

}

🔸 2. Grouping and Prioritizing Tests

✅ Group example:

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@Test(groups = “smoke”)

public void quickCheck() { }

@Test(groups = “regression”)

public void fullFlowTest() { }

✅ Priority example:

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@Test(priority = 1)

public void openBrowser() { }

@Test(priority = 2)

public void login() { }

📌 Lower number = higher priority.

🔸 3. testng.xml – Configuration File

📖 Used to define:

Which classes to run
Group filters
Parallel execution
Include/exclude tests

✅ Sample testng.xml:

xml

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<!DOCTYPE suite SYSTEM “https://testng.org/testng-1.0.dtd” >

</classes>

</test>

</suite>

✅ Run via:
Right-click testng.xml → Run As → TestNG Suite

✅ TestNG Reports

After execution, reports are generated automatically:

bash

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/test-output/index.html

📌 View pass/fail summary, exceptions, logs.

🔸 Useful TestNG Annotations for QA Projects

Annotation	Where	Purpose
@Parameters	Test method	Inject data from XML
@DataProvider	For DDT	Return test data in array
dependsOnMethods	Test chaining	Run test only if another passes
enabled=false	Any test	Skip test temporarily

✅ Summary Table

Feature	Syntax	Use
Mark test	@Test	Any method
Setup/teardown	@BeforeMethod, @AfterMethod	WebDriver open/close
Group tests	@Test(groups=”smoke”)	Run selected tests
Prioritize	@Test(priority=1)	Control test order
XML config	testng.xml	Manage suites and parallelism

📘 Selenium Topic 10: TestNG DataProvider and Parameterization (Excel, JSON, XML driven)

🔹 Why Parameterization?

Parameterization helps you run the same test case multiple times with different data — without duplicating code.

📖 Nepali Insight:
Parameterization ले एउटै test case different inputs ले चलाउने सुविधा दिन्छ — यो Data-Driven Testing को foundation हो।

✅ 1. DataProvider in TestNG

DataProvider is TestNG’s built-in feature to pass multiple sets of data to the same test method.

🔸 Basic Example:

java

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@DataProvider(name = “loginData”)

public Object[][] loginDataProvider() {

return new Object[][] {

{“user1”, “pass1”},

{“user2”, “pass2”}

};

}

@Test(dataProvider = “loginData”)

public void loginTest(String username, String password) {

System.out.println(“Username: ” + username + “, Password: ” + password);

}

✅ Output:

yaml

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Username: user1, Password: pass1

Username: user2, Password: pass2

📌 Best for testing forms, login, or any input-driven test.

✅ 2. Parameterization Using testng.xml

You can pass parameters directly from XML using @Parameters.

java

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@Parameters({“browser”, “url”})

@Test

public void openBrowser(String browser, String url) {

System.out.println(“Browser: ” + browser);

System.out.println(“URL: ” + url);

}

🧾 In testng.xml:

xml

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</classes>

</test>

</suite>

📌 Use this when managing environment configs or cross-browser testing.

✅ 3. Excel Parameterization (Apache POI)

You can read data from Excel and return it to DataProvider.

java

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@DataProvider(name = “excelData”)

public Object[][] readExcel() throws Exception {

FileInputStream file = new FileInputStream(“data.xlsx”);

Workbook wb = WorkbookFactory.create(file);

Sheet sheet = wb.getSheet(“Sheet1”);

int rows = sheet.getLastRowNum();

Object[][] data = new Object[rows][2];

for (int i = 1; i <= rows; i++) {

data[i-1][0] = sheet.getRow(i).getCell(0).getStringCellValue();

data[i-1][1] = sheet.getRow(i).getCell(1).getStringCellValue();

}

return data;

}

📌 Use for large test suites where business users maintain data.

✅ 4. JSON Parameterization (Simple JSON / Jackson)

✅ Read values from JSON:

java

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JSONParser parser = new JSONParser();

Object obj = parser.parse(new FileReader(“testdata.json”));

JSONObject data = (JSONObject) obj;

String username = data.get(“user”).toString();

🧠 Combine with DataProvider for full control.

✅ 5. Parameterization Using CSV / TXT

✅ Read using BufferedReader:

java

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BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(“data.txt”));

String line;

while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) {

String[] values = line.split(“,”);

}

📌 Works well for lightweight data.

✅ Summary Table

Source	How to Use	Best For
@DataProvider	Java method returning Object[][]	Simple inline test data
@Parameters + XML	testng.xml values	Config-based test inputs
Excel	Apache POI	Large test data sheets
JSON	JSON.simple, Jackson	API testing, configs
CSV/TXT	Java IO	Lightweight input files

🧪 QA Usage Examples

Use Case	Technique
Login forms with 10 users	DataProvider
Browser/environment	@Parameters from XML
Complex insurance data	Excel-driven POI
API payload values	JSON parameterization
List of cities, dates, etc.	CSV or plain text

📘 Selenium Topic 11: Page Object Model (POM) with TestNG

🔹 What is Page Object Model (POM)?

POM is a design pattern in Selenium where each web page is represented as a Java class, and the elements + actions of the page are defined in that class.

📖 Nepali Insight:
POM ले तपाईंको code लाई organize गर्छ — हर एक webpage को लागि अलग Java class बनाउने, जसमा fields र action method हुन्छन्।

✅ Benefits of POM

Benefit	Description
Reusability	Reuse locators/methods across tests
Maintainability	Update only in one place if UI changes
Readability	Code looks like natural language (e.g., loginPage.login())
Scalability	Easy to add more tests/pages

🔹 POM Structure

📁 Folder view:

csharp

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project/

├── pages/

│ ├── LoginPage.java

│ ├── HomePage.java

├── tests/

│ ├── LoginTest.java

├── base/

│ ├── TestBase.java

└── pom.xml

✅ Step-by-Step POM Setup

🔸 1. Create Base Class (TestBase.java)

java

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public class TestBase {

public WebDriver driver;

@BeforeMethod

public void setUp() {

driver = new ChromeDriver();

driver.manage().window().maximize();

driver.get(“https://example.com”);

}

@AfterMethod

public void tearDown() {

driver.quit();

}

🔸 2. Create Page Class (LoginPage.java)

java

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public class LoginPage {

WebDriver driver;

// Constructor

public LoginPage(WebDriver driver) {

this.driver = driver;

}

// Locators

By username = By.id(“user”);

By password = By.id(“pass”);

By loginBtn = By.id(“login”);

// Actions

public void login(String user, String pass) {

driver.findElement(username).sendKeys(user);

driver.findElement(password).sendKeys(pass);

driver.findElement(loginBtn).click();

}

📖 Nepali View:
LoginPage.java मा field (username, password) र action (login()) define गरिन्छ।

🔸 3. Create Test Class (LoginTest.java)

java

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public class LoginTest extends TestBase {

@Test

public void testValidLogin() {

LoginPage loginPage = new LoginPage(driver);

loginPage.login(“Lok”, “pass123”);

Assert.assertEquals(driver.getTitle(), “Dashboard”);

}

✅ Test is readable, reusable, and robust.

🔹 Advanced: PageFactory (Optional)

Use annotations to initialize elements:

java

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public class LoginPage {

@FindBy(id = “user”) WebElement username;

@FindBy(id = “pass”) WebElement password;

@FindBy(id = “login”) WebElement loginBtn;

public LoginPage(WebDriver driver) {

PageFactory.initElements(driver, this);

}

public void login(String u, String p) {

username.sendKeys(u);

password.sendKeys(p);

loginBtn.click();

}

✅ Use PageFactory.initElements() for automatic element binding.

✅ Summary Table

Component	Location	Role
TestBase.java	base/	Driver setup & teardown
LoginPage.java	pages/	Page fields and actions
LoginTest.java	tests/	Test case logic
pom.xml	root	Dependencies

🧪 QA Project Benefits of POM

Maintain large UI regression suites
Share common page actions across hundreds of tests
Integrate smoothly with TestNG, Excel, JSON, Jenkins

📘 Selenium Topic 12: TestNG Assertions and Reporting (HardAssert, SoftAssert, Logs, Reports)

🔹 Why Assertions?

Assertions in TestNG are used to compare actual results with expected results.

📖 Nepali Insight:
Assert ले check गर्छ — “हामीले पाएको result सही हो कि होइन?”

✅ 1. Hard Assertions (org.testng.Assert)

Test stops immediately if assertion fails

🔸 Common Methods:

java

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Assert.assertEquals(actual, expected);

Assert.assertTrue(condition);

Assert.assertFalse(condition);

Assert.assertNotNull(object);

🔸 Example:

java

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Assert.assertEquals(driver.getTitle(), “Dashboard”, “Title mismatch!”);

📌 If it fails → Test stops → Error shown in report.

✅ 2. Soft Assertions (org.testng.asserts.SoftAssert)

Continues execution even after failure
Must call .assertAll() at the end to collect results

🔸 Example:

java

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SoftAssert soft = new SoftAssert();

soft.assertEquals(“Lok”, “Luk”); // Will fail

soft.assertTrue(5 < 3); // Will fail

soft.assertAll(); // Collects all failed asserts

📖 Nepali Tip:
SoftAssert ले सबै test run गर्न दिन्छ अनि अन्त्यमा report गर्छ कुन-कुन fail भए।

✅ 3. Assert vs Verify (Conceptual)

Term	Stops test?	Used when
Assert	Yes	Critical failure
SoftAssert	No	Optional checks
Verify (custom)	No	Log result but keep testing

✅ 4. Logging in TestNG

✅ Basic log in console:

java

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System.out.println(“Step 1: Logged in successfully”);

✅ Using Reporter class (visible in TestNG HTML report):

java

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Reporter.log(“Step passed: Login button clicked”);

✅ 5. TestNG HTML Reports

📁 After running tests:

lua

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project/

└── test-output/

└── index.html

📌 Report includes:

Summary of passed/failed tests
Error logs
Execution time
Class/method view

✅ 6. Customizing Reports (optional)

Use ITestListener or external plugins like:

Extent Reports
Allure Reports

🧪 Useful for client demos and management dashboards.

✅ Summary Table

Feature	Class/Tool	Usage
Hard Assertion	Assert	Stops test on failure
Soft Assertion	SoftAssert	Logs all failures after .assertAll()
Logs	System.out.println() / Reporter.log()	Debug/test progress
Report	test-output/index.html	HTML result summary
Advanced Report	Extent, Allure	Beautiful dashboards

📘 Selenium Topic 13: Cross-Browser Testing with TestNG and WebDriver

🔹 What is Cross-Browser Testing?

Running your test scripts across multiple browsers (Chrome, Firefox, Edge, etc.) to ensure that the application works consistently.

📖 Nepali Insight:
Cross-browser testing भन्नाले एउटै test case Chrome, Firefox, Edge आदि browsers मा चलाउने कुरा हो।

✅ Why Cross-Browser Testing?

Reason	Benefit
Browser compatibility	Ensure UI and functionality behave the same
Real-world coverage	Simulates how different users access your site
Bug identification	Catch browser-specific bugs early

✅ Required Setup

Browser	Driver Required
Chrome	ChromeDriver
Firefox	GeckoDriver
Edge	EdgeDriver

📌 Ensure drivers match the installed browser version.

🔸 1. WebDriver Setup with If-Else Logic (Single Class)

java

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WebDriver driver;

@BeforeMethod

@Parameters(“browser”)

public void setup(String browser) {

if (browser.equalsIgnoreCase(“chrome”)) {

driver = new ChromeDriver();

} else if (browser.equalsIgnoreCase(“firefox”)) {

driver = new FirefoxDriver();

} else if (browser.equalsIgnoreCase(“edge”)) {

driver = new EdgeDriver();

}

driver.manage().window().maximize();

}

🔸 2. testng.xml for Multiple Browsers

xml

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</classes>

</test>

</classes>

</test>

</classes>

</test>

</suite>

✅ This runs the same test class (LoginTest) in parallel on multiple browsers.

✅ Tips for Stable Cross-Browser Testing

Tip	Description
Use WebDriverManager	Auto-manages driver versions
Avoid browser-specific XPath	Use CSS or stable attributes
Add waits	Handle rendering speed differences
Run in headless mode	For CI/CD pipelines

🔸 Optional: Using WebDriverManager (No manual driver setup)

java

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WebDriverManager.chromedriver().setup();

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

📌 Add WebDriverManager dependency in pom.xml:

xml

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<groupId>io.github.bonigarcia</groupId>

<artifactId>webdrivermanager</artifactId>

</dependency>

✅ Summary Table

Feature	Tool/Code
Multi-browser support	testng.xml with <parameter name=”browser”/>
Driver logic	if-else or switch-case in setup method
Parallel execution	<suite parallel=”tests”>
Auto driver handling	WebDriverManager
Supported browsers	Chrome, Firefox, Edge, Safari

📘 Selenium Topic 14: Parallel Test Execution with TestNG and Grid

🔹 What is Parallel Execution?

Running multiple tests at the same time on:

Different browsers
Different machines
Different environments

📖 Nepali Insight:
Parallel execution भन्नाले एउटै समयमा धेरै browser/test case चलाउने — जसले testing time घटाउँछ।

✅ 1. Parallel Execution Using Only TestNG (testng.xml)

🔸 Step-by-Step

✅ testng.xml with parallel=”methods”

xml

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</classes>

</test>

</suite>

Option	Meaning
parallel=”methods”	Run test methods of same class in parallel
parallel=”tests”	Run test classes in parallel
thread-count=”X”	Number of parallel threads (tests running at once)

📌 Make sure each test method uses independent WebDriver instance.

✅ 2. Parallel Execution with Selenium Grid (Across Machines)

Selenium Grid allows you to run tests on different machines and OS/browser combinations.

🔸 Grid Components

Component	Role
Hub	Central controller
Node	Executes test on a machine/browser

🔸 Step-by-Step for Grid (Selenium 4)

✅ Start Selenium Grid Hub & Node (Local)

Download Selenium Standalone Server or run via Docker
Launch Selenium Hub & Node:

bash

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java -jar selenium-server-4.10.0.jar hub

java -jar selenium-server-4.10.0.jar node –hub http://localhost:4444

✅ Update Code to Use RemoteWebDriver

java

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WebDriver driver = new RemoteWebDriver(

new URL(“http://localhost:4444/wd/hub”),

new ChromeOptions()

);

🧠 Use ChromeOptions, FirefoxOptions as needed

✅ Combine Grid + TestNG

Use @Parameters(“browser”)
testng.xml passes browser + Grid runs on matching node

✅ Best Practices

Tip	Description
Use thread-safe driver	Don’t reuse same WebDriver across threads
Manage drivers carefully	Close after each method
Scale nodes for real load	1 node per browser version
Use ExtentReport or Allure	Merge reports after parallel runs

✅ Summary Table

Technique	Tools
Parallel in same machine	testng.xml + thread-count
Cross-machine execution	Selenium Grid
Parallel methods	parallel=”methods”
Parallel browsers	Nodes with Chrome, Firefox, etc.
Thread safety	Use ThreadLocal<RemoteWebDriver> (advanced)

📘 Selenium Topic 15: Framework Design Strategy

(Maven + POM + TestNG + Data-Driven Testing + Jenkins)

🔹 Why Design a Framework?

📖 Nepali Insight:
Framework ले तपाईंको automation लाई organized, reusable, scalable बनाउँछ — जसले टीम level मा काम गर्न सजिलो बनाउँछ।

✅ Benefits:

Easy maintenance
Reusable test logic
Reporting and CI/CD-ready
Supports scaling (cross-browser, multi-env)

✅ Framework Structure Overview

bash

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project-root/

├── pom.xml

├── drivers/

├── test-output/

├── src/

│ ├── main/java/

│ │ ├── pages/ → Page Objects

│ │ ├── base/ → TestBase (setup/teardown)

│ │ ├── utils/ → ExcelUtils, Waits, ConfigReader

│ └── test/java/

│ ├── tests/ → Test classes with @Test

│ └── resources/ → Test data (.xlsx, .json)

🔸 1. Maven for Dependency Management

✅ pom.xml includes:

xml

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<!– Selenium –>

<groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>

<artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId>

</dependency>

<!– TestNG –>

<groupId>org.testng</groupId>

<artifactId>testng</artifactId>

</dependency>

<!– WebDriverManager (Optional) –>

<groupId>io.github.bonigarcia</groupId>

<artifactId>webdrivermanager</artifactId>

</dependency>

</dependencies>

🔸 2. Page Object Model (POM)

✅ Create a Java class for each web page
Example: LoginPage.java

java

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public class LoginPage {

WebDriver driver;

By user = By.id(“username”);

By pass = By.id(“password”);

By login = By.id(“login”);

public void login(String uname, String pword) {

driver.findElement(user).sendKeys(uname);

driver.findElement(pass).sendKeys(pword);

driver.findElement(login).click();

}

🔸 3. TestNG Integration

✅ Use annotations like:

java

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@BeforeMethod

@AfterMethod

@Test(priority=1, groups={“smoke”})

✅ Use testng.xml to organize test execution:

xml

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</classes>

</test>

</suite>

🔸 4. Data-Driven Testing (DDT)

✅ Use @DataProvider or Excel/JSON file readers

java

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@Test(dataProvider=”loginData”)

public void loginTest(String user, String pass) {

loginPage.login(user, pass);

}

✅ External Excel file via Apache POI:

java

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ExcelUtils.readCell(“TestData.xlsx”, “Login”, 1, 0);

🔸 5. Jenkins Integration

✅ Steps:

Install Jenkins
Create a new job (freestyle or Maven)
Source Code Management → GitHub Repo
Build → mvn clean test
Post-build → Email or Report archive

✅ Run automated tests via:

Git commit hooks
Daily schedule (cron)
After every deployment (CI/CD)

✅ Extra Tools You Can Plug In

Tool	Purpose
ExtentReports / Allure	Better visual reporting
Log4j	Logging
RestAssured	API test integration
Docker + Grid	Scalable browser execution
GitHub Actions	Cloud CI/CD

✅ Summary Table

Component	Role
Maven	Project build & dependency manager
POM	Code organization (pages, base, tests)
TestNG	Test control & reporting
DDT	Excel, JSON, DataProvider
Jenkins	Continuous test execution
Optional	Reports, Logging, CI tools

📘 1. Java OOPs Concepts in Page Object Model (POM)

🔹 🔸 OOPs Concept → Where It Appears in Selenium Framework

OOP Concept	Example in POM Framework
Encapsulation	Page classes have private By locators + public methods to access them
Inheritance	Test classes extend TestBase for setup/teardown
Polymorphism	Method clickLogin() works differently in AdminPage vs UserPage
Abstraction	Pages hide implementation (clicks, inputs) from test logic

✅ Example:

java

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public class LoginPage {

private By user = By.id(“username”);

private By pass = By.id(“password”);

public void login(String u, String p) {

driver.findElement(user).sendKeys(u);

driver.findElement(pass).sendKeys(p);

}

📖 Test script just says: loginPage.login(“Lok”, “pass123”) → doesn’t worry how.

📘 2. Selenium Class Hierarchy in Framework

🔹 General Automation Hierarchy

vbnet

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TestNG Test Class (LoginTest.java)

↓ uses

Page Class (LoginPage.java)

↓ uses

WebDriver Actions

↓ uses

Locators from DOM

🔹 Folder Structure Example

arduino

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project/

├── base/ → TestBase.java (WebDriver setup)

├── pages/ → LoginPage.java, HomePage.java

├── tests/ → LoginTest.java

├── utils/ → ExcelUtils, Waits, ConfigReader

🔹 Selenium API Class Hierarchy

vbnet

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WebDriver (Interface)

↳ RemoteWebDriver (Class)

↳ ChromeDriver / FirefoxDriver / EdgeDriver

Class	Use
WebDriver	Interface for all browser drivers
ChromeDriver	Implements WebDriver methods
By	Locator builder
WebElement	Represents an element
Select	For dropdowns

📘 3. DOM (Document Object Model) and Selenium

🔹 What is the DOM?

The DOM is the structure of the web page represented as a tree of elements.
Selenium interacts with DOM via locators (id, xpath, cssSelector, etc.)

📖 Nepali View:
DOM भनेको page को HTML structure हो — Selenium ले यसैबाट element खोज्छ।

✅ Inspect using:

Right click → Inspect
DevTools (F12)
Chrome Extension: ChroPath / SelectorsHub

🔹 Example DOM:

html

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<button class=”loginBtn”>Login</button>

✅ Selenium Locator:

java

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driver.findElement(By.id(“username”)).sendKeys(“Lok”);

📘 4. pom.xml – The Maven Configuration File

🔹 What is pom.xml?

pom.xml (Project Object Model) is the core Maven file that contains:

Project metadata
Dependencies (like Selenium, TestNG)
Plugins (compiler, surefire)
Build configuration

🔸 pom.xml Sections Explained

xml

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<groupId>com.yourproject</groupId> <!– Your base package –>

<artifactId>selenium-framework</artifactId> <!– Project name –>

<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version> <!– Current version –>

<!– Selenium –>

<!– TestNG –>

<!– WebDriverManager –>

</dependencies>

<build>

<!– Compiler plugin –>

<!– Surefire plugin (for TestNG execution) –>

</plugins>

</build>

</project>

✅ Must-Have Dependencies

xml

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<groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>

<artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId>

</dependency>

<groupId>org.testng</groupId>

<artifactId>testng</artifactId>

</dependency>

<groupId>io.github.bonigarcia</groupId>

<artifactId>webdrivermanager</artifactId>

</dependency>

🔸 Optional Build Plugins

xml

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<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>

<artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>

<suiteXmlFile>testng.xml</suiteXmlFile>

</suiteXmlFiles>

</configuration>

</plugin>

📘 Selenium Topic 16: Advanced Framework Features

(Listeners, Retry, Logs, Reports, TDD vs BDD vs KDD, Cucumber)

🔹 1. TestNG Listeners

Listeners listen to the test execution and perform custom actions (logs, screenshots, etc.).

✅ Common Interface: ITestListener

Example:

java

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public class MyListener implements ITestListener {

public void onTestFailure(ITestResult result) {

System.out.println(“❌ Failed: ” + result.getName());

// Capture screenshot here

}

public void onTestSuccess(ITestResult result) {

System.out.println(“✅ Passed: ” + result.getName());

}

➡ Register via @Listeners or testng.xml

🔹 2. Retry Failed Tests

✅ Create Retry Class:

java

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public class RetryAnalyzer implements IRetryAnalyzer {

int count = 0;

int limit = 2;

public boolean retry(ITestResult result) {

if (count < limit) {

count++;

return true;

}

return false;

}

✅ Link in test method:

java

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@Test(retryAnalyzer = RetryAnalyzer.class)

public void flakyTest() {

// may pass/fail randomly

}

🔹 3. Logging (Log4j)

✅ Add Log4j dependency and use:

java

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Logger log = Logger.getLogger(“MyLogger”);

log.info(“Starting test”);

log.error(“Test failed due to XYZ”);

📌 Create a log4j.properties or log4j2.xml config.

🔹 4. Reporting

Tool	Use
TestNG HTML report	Default /test-output/index.html
Extent Reports	Beautiful HTML UI, screenshots
Allure Reports	Dev-friendly, plugin-based
Email Reports	Jenkins mail or custom mail API

✅ Extent Report Example:

java

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ExtentReports extent = new ExtentReports();

ExtentTest test = extent.createTest(“Login Test”);

test.pass(“Logged in successfully”);

extent.flush();

📘 TDD vs BDD vs KDD

Model	Stands For	Driven By	Tools
TDD	Test Driven Development	Unit tests first	JUnit, TestNG
BDD	Behavior Driven Development	Scenario specs first	Cucumber, SpecFlow
KDD	Keyword Driven Development	Keyword-action based	UFT, Selenium + Excel

📖 Nepali View:

TDD → code भन्दा पहिले test
BDD → scenario लेखेर test
KDD → keyword table बनाएर test चलाउने

📘 What is Cucumber?

Cucumber is a tool for BDD (Behavior Driven Development).
It uses Gherkin syntax (Given-When-Then) and integrates with Selenium + Java.

✅ Feature File:

gherkin

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Feature: Login Function

Scenario: Successful Login

Given User is on Login Page

When User enters username and password

Then Home page should be displayed

✅ Step Definitions:

java

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@Given(“User is on Login Page”)

public void userOnLoginPage() {

driver.get(“https://example.com/login”);

}

@When(“User enters username and password”)

public void enterCredentials() {

driver.findElement(By.id(“user”)).sendKeys(“Lok”);

}

✅ Tools:

Cucumber JVM
Gherkin
JUnit or TestNG

✅ Ideal For:

Business + QA collaboration
English-like readable tests
Traceable documentation + automation

📘 Selenium Topic 17: Cucumber Framework Setup (Step-by-Step with Maven + TestNG)

🔹 What is Cucumber Framework?

Cucumber is a BDD framework that lets you write automation scripts in natural English using the Gherkin language.
It bridges the gap between business logic and technical automation.

📖 Nepali Insight:
Cucumber ले तपाईंलाई test cases Given-When-Then को style मा लेख्न दिन्छ — जसले business + QA + dev को understanding एकैठाउँमा ल्याउँछ।

✅ Step-by-Step Cucumber Framework Setup (Maven + TestNG + Selenium)

🔸 1. Create Maven Project

In Eclipse or IntelliJ:

arduino

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File → New → Maven Project → Use archetype: maven-archetype-quickstart

🔸 2. Add Dependencies to pom.xml

xml

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<!– Selenium –>

<groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>

<artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId>

</dependency>

<!– Cucumber Java –>

<groupId>io.cucumber</groupId>

<artifactId>cucumber-java</artifactId>

</dependency>

<!– Cucumber TestNG –>

<groupId>io.cucumber</groupId>

<artifactId>cucumber-testng</artifactId>

</dependency>

<!– TestNG –>

<groupId>org.testng</groupId>

<artifactId>testng</artifactId>

</dependency>

</dependencies>

🔸 3. Create Folder Structure

vbnet

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src/

└── test/java/

├── features/ → .feature files (Gherkin steps)

├── stepDefinitions/ → Step definitions (Java logic)

├── runners/ → TestNG runner class

└── pages/ → Page Object Model classes

🔸 4. Create .feature File

📁 Location: features/Login.feature

gherkin

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Feature: Login Functionality

Scenario: Valid login

Given User is on Login Page

When User enters valid username and password

Then Home page should be displayed

🔸 5. Step Definitions (stepDefinitions/LoginSteps.java)

java

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public class LoginSteps {

WebDriver driver;

@Given(“User is on Login Page”)

public void user_is_on_login_page() {

driver = new ChromeDriver();

driver.get(“https://example.com/login”);

}

@When(“User enters valid username and password”)

public void enter_credentials() {

driver.findElement(By.id(“username”)).sendKeys(“Lok”);

driver.findElement(By.id(“password”)).sendKeys(“pass123”);

driver.findElement(By.id(“login”)).click();

}

@Then(“Home page should be displayed”)

public void home_page_should_be_displayed() {

Assert.assertEquals(driver.getTitle(), “Dashboard”);

driver.quit();

}

🔸 6. Runner Class (runners/TestRunner.java)

java

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@CucumberOptions(

features = “src/test/java/features”,

glue = “stepDefinitions”,

plugin = {“pretty”, “html:target/cucumber-reports”},

monochrome = true

)

@Test

public class TestRunner extends AbstractTestNGCucumberTests { }

✅ This integrates Cucumber with TestNG and generates HTML report.

🔸 7. Run the Test

📌 Run TestRunner.java as TestNG Test
📌 Reports auto-generate in target/cucumber-reports

✅ Bonus: Cucumber Tags for Selective Execution

In .feature file:

gherkin

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@smoke

Scenario: Valid login

In Runner:

java

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@CucumberOptions(

tags = “@smoke”

)

✅ Summary Table

File/Folder	Purpose
pom.xml	Project dependencies
.feature	Business-level test case
Step Definitions	Actual Java code to implement feature
Runner Class	Bridge between TestNG and Cucumber
Reports	Auto-generated HTML